As global industries evolve toward higher efficiency, lower emissions, and more reliable energy use, industrial energy storage has emerged as a critical technology for ensuring operational
Against a backdrop of accelerating energy transition, energy storage is becoming an essential solution for corporates. Not only does it optimize energy consumption, it also
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Decarbonizing the energy sector is essential, with the Energy Storage Systems (ESS) being of great importance in the achievement of this goal. These technologies enhance the integration of renewable sources, improving supply stability and efficiency, thus facilitating the transition to a more sustainable energy model .
The diversity of energy storage systems, particularly in the domains of CES and TES, reflects the range of technological strategies being pursued to address the intermittency and decarbonization challenges of modern energy systems.
However, the effectiveness of rock thermal storage depends on factors such as thermal conductivity, porosity, and heat transfer efficiency, influencing system scalability and energy dispatch capabilities . Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) is a cryogenic storage solution that uses the liquefaction of air at −196 °C to store energy .
Electrochemical storage systems, notably lithium-ion batteries, have demonstrated round-trip efficiencies as high as 90% and energy densities of approximately 150–250 Wh/kg [31, 33].
